APA
Citation Style: Non-Traditional Sources
The following resources are generally considered non-traditional or
"miscellaneous" resources in scholarly writing.
These citations and examples were created using the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.), and
include the following: (1) a template for the References citation, (2) an
example Reference citation, (3) a template for the in-text or parenthetical
citation, (4) an example of the in-text or parenthetical citation, and in some
cases (5) any exceptions to the rule.
Non-traditional sources used in an essay or project may not
require in-text citation when the source itself is credited in the text of your
work. However, the source should still be included on your References
page.
Television Broadcast /
Television Series /
Episode of a TV Series /
Motion Picture
Music Recording
/
Audio Recording
|
A Television Broadcast
1. Reference list citation format:
Last Name, First Initial of Authority (Title of Authority).
(Year, Month Day of broadcast). Title of Show
[Television broadcast]. Location of broadcasting company:
Broadcasting company..
2. Reference list citation example:
Riker, David (Director). (2005, February 11). The City:
La Ciudad [Television broadcast]. Alexandria:
Public Broadcasting
Service.
3. In-text citation format:
(Last Name of Authority, Year of Broadcast)
4. In-text citation example:
(Riker, 2005)
5. Note: The authority listed in the entry could
be the executive producer, producer, or director. One or both may be
included. A citation including both the producer and director would use the
format in the following example:
|
|
A Television Series
1. Reference list citation format:
Last Name, First of authority (Title of Authority). (Year
of series first season). Title of Series
[Television series]. Location of
broadcasting company: Broadcasting company.
2. Reference list citation example:
Bright, K.S. (Executive Producer). (1994). Friends
[Television series]. New York:
National Broadcasting Company.
3. In-text citation format:
(Last Name of Authority, Year of series first season)
4. In-text citation example:
(Bright, 1994)
5. Note: See note related to authority name and title
under the example for citing A Television Broadcast. Also, if discussing a
specific season of a television program, the authority and date in the citation
may change depending on focus.
|
|
A Single Episode from a Television Series
1. Reference list citation format:
Last Name, First Initial of Writer (Writer), & Last Name,
First Initial of Director (Director).
(Year of broadcast).
Title of episode [Television series episode]. In First Initial Last
Name of Producer
(Producer), Title of Series. Location of broadcasting company:
Broadcasting company.
2. Reference list citation example:
Reich, A., Cohen, T. (Writers), & Bright, K.S.
(Director). (2003). The one after joey and rachel
kiss [Television series
episode]. In K.S. Bright (Producer), Friends. New York:
National Broadcasting Company.
3. In-text citation format:
(Last Name of Writer & Last Name of Director, Year of
broadcast)
4. In-text citation example:
(Reich, Cohen, & Bright, 2003)
|
|
A Motion Picture
1. Reference list citation format:
Last Name, First Initial of Producer (Producer), & Last
Name, First Initial of Director (Director). (Year of
release). Title of
Motion Picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Movie studio.
2. Reference list citation example:
MacDonald, L. (Producer), & Scott, R. (Director). (2000).
Gladiator [Motion picture]. United States:
Dreamworks & Universal
Pictures.
3. In-text citation format:
(Last Name of Producer & Last Name of Director, Year of
release)
4. In-text citation example:
(MacDonald & Scott, 2000)
5. Note: If a film is released in limited circulation
(such as a documentary intended for an education environment), include the
distributor's name and complete address in parentheses in place of the Country
of origin and Movie studio. For example:
Light, A. (Producer & Director). (1993). Dialogues with
madwomen [Motion picture]. (Available from
Women Make Movies, Inc.,
462 Broadway, Suite 505L, New York, NY 10013).
|
|
A Music Recording
1. Reference list citation format:
Last Name, First Initial of writer. (Year of Copyright).
Title of song [Recorded by First Initial
Last Name of artist if different from
the writer]. On Title of album [Medium of Recording:
CD, record, cassette].
Location of record label: Record label. (Recording date if different
from copyright date)
2. Reference list citation example:
Kahn, G., & Donaldson, W. (1928). Love me or leave me [S.
Vaughan]. On Anthology [CD].
Nashville: Stardust
Records. (1963)
3. In-text citation format:
(Last Name of writer, Year of Copyright, side or track
numbers)
4. In-text citation example:
(Kahn & Donaldson, 1928)
5. Note: See the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association, 5th ed., pp. 267-8, for variations in
format based on recording.
|
|
An Audio Recording
1. Reference list citation format:
Last Name, First Initial of primary contributor (Role of
primary contributor). (Year of recording).
Title of Recording (Medium of
recording). Location of distributor: Distributor.
2. Reference list citation example:
Sexton, A. (Speaker). (1999). Anne Sexton reads
(Cassette). New York: HarperAudio.
3. In-text citation format:
(Last Name of primary contributor, Year of recording)
4. In-text citation example:
(Sexton, 1999)
|
Entries were created using the following text:
American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association.
Washington, D.C.: APA.
|
|