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APA
Citation Style: Non-Traditional Sources
The following resources are generally considered non-traditional or
"miscellaneous" resources in scholarly writing.
These citations and examples were created using the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.), and
include the following: (1) a template for the References citation, (2) an
example Reference citation, (3) a template for the in-text or parenthetical
citation, (4) an example of the in-text or parenthetical citation, and in some
cases a note is included with additional instructions.
Non-traditional sources used in an essay or project may not
require in-text citation when the source itself is credited in the text of your
work. However, the source should still be included on your References
page.
Television Broadcast /
Television Series / Episode of a TV Series
/ Motion Picture
Music Recording
/
Audio Recording
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A Television Broadcast
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1. Reference list citation format:
Last Name, First Initial of Authority (Title of Authority).
(Year, Month Day
of broadcast). Title of
show [Television broadcast]. Location of
broadcasting company:
Broadcasting Company.
2. Reference list citation example:
Riker, David (Director). (2005, February 11). The city:
La ciudad
[Television broadcast]. Alexandria: Public Broadcasting
Service.
3. In-text citation format:
(Last Name of Authority, Year of Broadcast)
4. In-text citation example:
(Riker, 2005)
[Note: The authority listed in the entry could be the
executive producer, producer, or director. One or both may be included.]
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A
Television Series
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1. Reference list citation format:
Last Name, First of authority (Title of Authority). (Year
of series first
season). Title of Series [Television series]. Location of
broadcasting company: Broadcasting Company.
2. Reference list citation example:
Bright, K.S. (Executive Producer). (1994). Friends
[Television series].
New York: National Broadcasting Company.
3. In-text citation format:
(Last Name of Authority, Year of series first season)
4. In-text citation example:
(Bright, 1994)
[Note: See note related to authority name and title under the
example for citing A Television Broadcast. Also, if discussing a specific
season of a television program, the authority and date may change from season to
season.]
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A Single Episode from a Television Series
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1. Reference list citation format:
Last Name, First Initial of Writer (Writer), & Last Name,
First Initial of
Director (Director). (Year of broadcast).
Title of episode [Television
series episode]. In First Initial Last Name of Producer
(Producer),
Title of Series.
Location of broadcasting company: Broadcasting
Company.
2. Reference list citation example:
Reich, A., Cohen, T. (Writers), & Bright, K.S.
(Director). (2003). The one
after joey and rachel kiss [Television series
episode]. In K.S.
Bright (Producer), Friends. New York: National Broadcasting
Company.
3. In-text citation format:
(Last Name of Writer & Last Name of Director, Year of
broadcast)
4. In-text citation example:
(Reich, Cohen, & Bright, 2003)
For more information, see page 210 in the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed.
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A Motion Picture |
1. Reference list citation format:
Last Name, First Initial of Producer (Producer), & Last
Name, First Initial
of Director (Director). (Year of release). Title of
motion picture
[Motion picture]. Country of origin: Movie studio.
2. Reference list citation example:
MacDonald, L. (Producer), & Scott, R. (Director). (2000).
Gladiator
[Motion picture]. United States: Dreamworks & Universal
Pictures.
3. In-text citation format:
(Last Name of Producer & Last Name of Director, Year of
release)
4. In-text citation example:
(MacDonald & Scott, 2000)
For more information, see page 209 in the Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed.
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A
Music Recording
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1. Reference list citation format:
Last Name, First Initial of artist. (Year of Publication).
Title of song
On Title of album [Medium of Recording: CD, record,
cassette]. Location of
record label: Record label.
2. Reference list citation example:
Vaughan, S. (1963). Love me or leave me. On Anthology
[CD].
Nashville: Stardust
Records.
3. In-text citation format:
(Last Name of artist, Year of Publication, side or track
numbers)
4. In-text citation example:
(Vaughan, 1963, track 7)
For more information, see page 210 in the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association, 6th ed.
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An Audio
Recording |
1. Reference list citation format:
Last Name, First Initial of primary contributor (Role of
primary
contributor). (Year of
recording). Title of Recording (Medium of
recording). Location of distributor: Distributor.
2. Reference list citation example:
Sexton, A. (Speaker). (1999). Anne Sexton reads
[Cassette]. New York:
HarperAudio.
3. In-text citation format:
(Last Name of primary contributor, Year of recording)
4. In-text citation example:
(Sexton, 1999)
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Spacing Citations
Each citation style has specific rules for indentation and spacing within
entries. The
first line of each citation should start at the left margin and subsequent lines subsequent lines
should be indented. Use the following guidelines when preparing your list
of resources:
- APA: double-space the References page
Your list of citations should always be organized alphabetically. For more
detailed information on formatting your essay and creating citations, refer to
the published citation style
guides.
Avoiding Plagiarism
Writers cite their sources for a number of different reasons. However,
there is not a single good reason for the improper use or faulty citation of
research sources. Visit the Citing
Sources Menu Page for information on avoiding plagiarism..
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