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E-mail
Spacing Citations
/ Avoiding Plagiarism
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MLA
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Format:
Author Last, First. "Title of Email." Email
to First Last Name of Receiver.
Day Month Year of
Message.
Sample Citation:
Miller, Barbara. "Re: Education Statistics."
Email to Meredith Elsik.
25 Jan. 2005.
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APA
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E-mail may be cited as personal communications in the text of
your essay but should not be included on your References page. To cite
an email within the text of your essay, use the following examples:
(C.B. Nolan, personal communication,
September 05, 2003)
If you include the name of the correspondent
in the text of your essay, the name would not be required in the
parenthetical citation. For example,
C.B. Nolan believes that libraries are the
coffee shops of tomorrow (personal communication, September 05, 2003).
See p. 214 of the Publication Manual of
the American Psychological Association for more information.
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Chicago
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E-mail messages are rarely included in the Bibliography.
These may be cited in the text of the essay or in endnotes/footnotes.
See The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed., pp. 706-7 for more
information.
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ASA
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E-mail messages are not included in the list of References.
An endnote may be used to cite an e-mail message in the text of an essay:
Format:
Note number. Author of e-mail, email message to author, Month Day, Year
of email message.
Example:
15. Christopher Nolan, e-mail message to author, September 5, 2003.
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Turabian
(Notes) |
E-mail messages are not included in the list of References.
An endnote may be used to cite an e-mail message in the text of an essay:
Format:
Note number. Author of e-mail, email message to author, Month Day, Year
of email message.
Example:
15. Christopher Nolan, e-mail message to author, September 5, 2003.
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Turabian
(Author-Date) |
E-mail messages are not included in the list of References. A
parenthetical citation may be used to cite an e-mail message in the text of an essay:
Format:
(Author First Name Last, Month Day, Year,
e-mail message to author)
Example:
(Christopher Nolan, September 5, 2003, e-mail message to author)
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Spacing Citations
Each citation style has specific rules for indentation and spacing within
entries. The
first line of each citation should start at the left margin and subsequent lines subsequent lines
should be indented. Use the following guidelines when preparing your list
of resources:
- MLA: double-space the Works Cited page
- APA: double-space the References page
- Chicago: double-space the Bibliography page
- ASA: double-space the References page
- Turabian: single-space within each entry and double-space between entries
on the Works Cited page
Your list of citations should always be organized alphabetically. For more
detailed information on formatting your essay and creating citations, refer to
the published citation style
guides.
Avoiding Plagiarism
Writers cite their sources for a number of different reasons. However,
there is not a single good reason for the improper use or faulty citation of
research sources. Visit the Citing
Sources Menu Page for information on avoiding plagiarism..
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